How age of bilingual exposure can change the neural systems for language in the developing brain: a functional near infrared spectroscopy investigation of syntactic processing in monolingual and bilingual children.

"Conflict of interest statement: No conflicts declared."

"The research was made possible through funds to L.A. Petitto (P.I.) in her NIH R01 Grant (USA: NIHR01HD04582203 ). Additional funding was also made possible through L.A. Petitto (P.I.)’s NIH R21 Grant (USA: NIH R21HD05055802 ). Petitto is exceedingly grateful to NIH, and she extends special thanks to Dr. Peggy McCardle (NIH). This research was also made possible by the USA National Science Foundation's Science of Learning Center – “Visual Language and Visual Learning, VL2,” and Gallaudet University (NSF Grant SBE-0541953). Petitto extends special thanks to Drs. Soo-Siang Lim and Tanya Korelsky (NSF), and Dr. Carol Erting (Gallaudet). Petitto also thanks the following for their wonderful infrastructure support and for their invaluable assistance in securing Petitto's Hitachi ETG-4000 functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy system: Canadian Foundation for Innovation, and the Ontario Research Fund. Petitto and team thank the Hitachi Corporation for their kind assistance. We thank David Caplan for sharing his sentence stimuli with us. We thank Erin Spurgeon and Casey Cochran for their careful reading of previous versions of this manuscript. We extend our heartfelt thanks to the individuals and families who gave us their time in order to carry out this research."