Sex differences in the pathophysiology, treatment, and outcomes in IHD.

"Conflict of Interest M Sanghavi and M Gulati both declare no conflicts of interest."

"We have come a long way in the past 25 years since the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) mandated the inclusion of women in all NIH-sponsored research in 1990. However, we are only beginning to scratch the surface in the understanding of sex differences in the pathophysiology and treatment of ischemic heart disease. There are important differences that clinicians should be cognizant of as discussed in this article. These differences impact our understanding of the disease, diagnosis, and treatment. In the future, as we continue to reevaluate our known therapies based on sex, we will be able to adjust our treatment strategies accordingly. There remain many biologic, pathophysiologic, and diagnostic sex differences in ischemic heart disease that have yet to be clarified and will require additional research."