HIV-1 persistent viremia is frequently followed by episodes of low-level viremia.

"Funding This study was in part supported by Janssen-Cilag (TMC114IFD4043)."

"We are grateful to all participants of this study. This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the medical faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen (14-6155-BO) and has been registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov database under No. NCT02411071. As a part of a retrospective analysis of HIV-1 positive patients treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the HIV outpatient center at the University Hospital Essen (Germany) from 2013 to 2016, we studied 20 individuals who had pVL > 50 copies/ml for longer than 24 weeks after the start or restart of antiretroviral treatment (Table ; Fig. ). This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the medical faculty of the University Duisburg-Essen (14-6155-BO) and has been registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov database under No. NCT02411071."