The Causal Effects of Education on Health Outcomes in the UK Biobank.

"Conflicts of interest: We report no conflicts of interest."

"We would like to thank the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium for providing the coefficients from the Educational attainment GWAS, and Gibran Hemani, Lavinia Paternoster, David Carslake, Jack Bowden, Louisa Zuccolo Evie Stergiakouli, and Eleanor Sanderson for helpful comments on an earlier draft. All mistake remain our own. The Medical Research Council (MRC) and the University of Bristol fund the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit [MC_UU_12013/1, MC_UU_12013/9]. NMD is supported by the Economics and Social Research Council (ESRC) via a Future Research Leaders grant [ES/N000757/1]. The research described in this paper was specifically funded by a grant from the Economics and Social Research Council for Transformative Social Science. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This publication is the work of the authors, who serve as the guarantors for the contents of this paper. This work was carried out using the computational facilities of the Advanced Computing Research Centre - http://www.bris.ac.uk/acrc/ and the Research Data Storage Facility of the University of Bristol - http://www.bris.ac.uk/acrc/storage/. This research was conducted using the UK Biobank Resource."