Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and heat to reduce pain in a chronic low back pain population: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

"Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest."

"This research was funded by Omron Healthcare Co., Ltd., Japan. A clinical study agreement between Omron and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel was set up, allowing the Vrije Universiteit Brussel to perform independent research. Omron Healthcare was not involved in data collection data analysis or writing processes. We thank the University hospital of Brussels, the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and the Frailty in Ageing research department of the Vrije Universiteit of Brussel for the use of their infrastructure. We thank C. Dewaele, I. Deurinckx, and T. Secretin for their hard work during the experiment. This research was funded by Omron Healthcare Co., Ltd., Japan. A clinical study agreement between Omron and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel was set up, allowing the Vrije Universiteit Brussel to perform independent research. Omron Healthcare was not involved in data collection data analysis or writing processes. We thank the University hospital of Brussels, the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and the Frailty in Ageing research department of the Vrije Universiteit of Brussel for the use of their infrastructure. We thank C. Dewaele, I. Deurinckx, and T. Secretin for their hard work during the experiment."

"This two-armed, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted at the University Hospital of Brussels and at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The study was approved by the local ethics committees of the University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium (B.U.N. 143201836092) and was conducted between August 2018 and June 2019. The study protocol is registered online on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03643731) and reported according to CONSORT guidelines and the TIDieR Checklist."