The association between high risk of sleep apnea, comorbidities, and risk of COVID-19: a population-based international harmonized study.

"Declarations Ethics approvalAll procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consentInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Competing interestsDr. Chung reports grants from Ontario Ministry of Health Innovation Grant, grants from University Health Network Foundation, and personal fees from Masimo Inc. and Takeda Pharma, outside the submitted work. University Health Network has a patent STOP-Bang questionnaire pending. Dr. Espie reports grants from the Wellcome Trust and NIHR (HTA) and is a co-founder and a shareholder in Big Health, outside of the submitted work. Dr. Inoue reports personal fees and other from Astellas Pharma, personal fees from Eisai, other from Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Japan, grants from Koike Medical, personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and grants from Philips Japan, outside the submitted work. Dr. Leger reports grants from Philips (Netherlands), grants from Vanda (USA), grants from Sanofi, grants from VitalAire International, grants from Merck, and grants from Janssen, Jazz, and TYTHM outside the submitted work. Dr. Matsui reports personal fees from Eisai, personal fees from Meiji Seika Pharma, personal fees from Mochida, personal fees from MSD, personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and personal fees from Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical, outside the submitted work. Dr. Partinen reports personal fees and other from Bioprojet, other from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from UCB-Pharma, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Takeda, personal fees and other from MSD, personal fees from Orion, and personal fees and other from Umecrine, outside the submitted work. Dr. Penzel reports personal fees from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Bayer Healthcare, personal fees from Neuwirth, and personal fees from Löwenstein Medical, outside the submitted work, and shareholder of The Siestagroup GmbH, Advanced Sleep Research GmbH, Nukute. Dr. Plazzi reports personal fees from UCB pharma, personal fees from Jazz pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Bioprojet, personal fees from Idorsia, and personal fees from Takeda, outside the submitted work. Dr. Wing reports grants from Research Grant Council General Research Fund, grants from Health and Medical Research Fund, personal fees from Eisai Inc., personal fees from Eisai Co., Ltd., and other from Lundbeck HK Limited, outside the submitted work. Dr. Benedict reports that he served as a paid member of a scientific advisory board for Repha GmBH, Langenhagen, Germany. Dr. Bjorvatn, Mr. Bolstad, Dr. Cedernaes, Dr. Chan, Dr. Dauvilliers, Ms. Fernandes, Dr. De Gennaro, Dr. Han, Dr. Huang, Dr. Holzinger, Dr. Morin, Dr. Mota-Rolim, Dr. Nadorff, Mr. Schneider, Dr. Sieminski, Dr. Saaresranta, Dr. Merikanto, Ms. Waseem, and Ms. Pham have nothing to disclose. Competing interests Dr. Chung reports grants from Ontario Ministry of Health Innovation Grant, grants from University Health Network Foundation, and personal fees from Masimo Inc. and Takeda Pharma, outside the submitted work. University Health Network has a patent STOP-Bang questionnaire pending. Dr. Espie reports grants from the Wellcome Trust and NIHR (HTA) and is a co-founder and a shareholder in Big Health, outside of the submitted work. Dr. Inoue reports personal fees and other from Astellas Pharma, personal fees from Eisai, other from Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Japan, grants from Koike Medical, personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and grants from Philips Japan, outside the submitted work. Dr. Leger reports grants from Philips (Netherlands), grants from Vanda (USA), grants from Sanofi, grants from VitalAire International, grants from Merck, and grants from Janssen, Jazz, and TYTHM outside the submitted work. Dr. Matsui reports personal fees from Eisai, personal fees from Meiji Seika Pharma, personal fees from Mochida, personal fees from MSD, personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and personal fees from Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical, outside the submitted work. Dr. Partinen reports personal fees and other from Bioprojet, other from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from UCB-Pharma, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Takeda, personal fees and other from MSD, personal fees from Orion, and personal fees and other from Umecrine, outside the submitted work. Dr. Penzel reports personal fees from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Bayer Healthcare, personal fees from Neuwirth, and personal fees from Löwenstein Medical, outside the submitted work, and shareholder of The Siestagroup GmbH, Advanced Sleep Research GmbH, Nukute. Dr. Plazzi reports personal fees from UCB pharma, personal fees from Jazz pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Bioprojet, personal fees from Idorsia, and personal fees from Takeda, outside the submitted work. Dr. Wing reports grants from Research Grant Council General Research Fund, grants from Health and Medical Research Fund, personal fees from Eisai Inc., personal fees from Eisai Co., Ltd., and other from Lundbeck HK Limited, outside the submitted work. Dr. Benedict reports that he served as a paid member of a scientific advisory board for Repha GmBH, Langenhagen, Germany. Dr. Bjorvatn, Mr. Bolstad, Dr. Cedernaes, Dr. Chan, Dr. Dauvilliers, Ms. Fernandes, Dr. De Gennaro, Dr. Han, Dr. Huang, Dr. Holzinger, Dr. Morin, Dr. Mota-Rolim, Dr. Nadorff, Mr. Schneider, Dr. Sieminski, Dr. Saaresranta, Dr. Merikanto, Ms. Waseem, and Ms. Pham have nothing to disclose."

"Declarations: Ethics approvalAll procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.: Informed consentInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.: Competing interestsDr. Chung reports grants from Ontario Ministry of Health Innovation Grant, grants from University Health Network Foundation, and personal fees from Masimo Inc. and Takeda Pharma, outside the submitted work. University Health Network has a patent STOP-Bang questionnaire pending. Dr. Espie reports grants from the Wellcome Trust and NIHR (HTA) and is a co-founder and a shareholder in Big Health, outside of the submitted work. Dr. Inoue reports personal fees and other from Astellas Pharma, personal fees from Eisai, other from Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Japan, grants from Koike Medical, personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and grants from Philips Japan, outside the submitted work. Dr. Leger reports grants from Philips (Netherlands), grants from Vanda (USA), grants from Sanofi, grants from VitalAire International, grants from Merck, and grants from Janssen, Jazz, and TYTHM outside the submitted work. Dr. Matsui reports personal fees from Eisai, personal fees from Meiji Seika Pharma, personal fees from Mochida, personal fees from MSD, personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and personal fees from Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical, outside the submitted work. Dr. Partinen reports personal fees and other from Bioprojet, other from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from UCB-Pharma, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Takeda, personal fees and other from MSD, personal fees from Orion, and personal fees and other from Umecrine, outside the submitted work. Dr. Penzel reports personal fees from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Bayer Healthcare, personal fees from Neuwirth, and personal fees from Löwenstein Medical, outside the submitted work, and shareholder of The Siestagroup GmbH, Advanced Sleep Research GmbH, Nukute. Dr. Plazzi reports personal fees from UCB pharma, personal fees from Jazz pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Bioprojet, personal fees from Idorsia, and personal fees from Takeda, outside the submitted work. Dr. Wing reports grants from Research Grant Council General Research Fund, grants from Health and Medical Research Fund, personal fees from Eisai Inc., personal fees from Eisai Co., Ltd., and other from Lundbeck HK Limited, outside the submitted work. Dr. Benedict reports that he served as a paid member of a scientific advisory board for Repha GmBH, Langenhagen, Germany. Dr. Bjorvatn, Mr. Bolstad, Dr. Cedernaes, Dr. Chan, Dr. Dauvilliers, Ms. Fernandes, Dr. De Gennaro, Dr. Han, Dr. Huang, Dr. Holzinger, Dr. Morin, Dr. Mota-Rolim, Dr. Nadorff, Mr. Schneider, Dr. Sieminski, Dr. Saaresranta, Dr. Merikanto, Ms. Waseem, and Ms. Pham have nothing to disclose. Competing interests: Dr. Chung reports grants from Ontario Ministry of Health Innovation Grant, grants from University Health Network Foundation, and personal fees from Masimo Inc. and Takeda Pharma, outside the submitted work. University Health Network has a patent STOP-Bang questionnaire pending. Dr. Espie reports grants from the Wellcome Trust and NIHR (HTA) and is a co-founder and a shareholder in Big Health, outside of the submitted work. Dr. Inoue reports personal fees and other from Astellas Pharma, personal fees from Eisai, other from Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Japan, grants from Koike Medical, personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and grants from Philips Japan, outside the submitted work. Dr. Leger reports grants from Philips (Netherlands), grants from Vanda (USA), grants from Sanofi, grants from VitalAire International, grants from Merck, and grants from Janssen, Jazz, and TYTHM outside the submitted work. Dr. Matsui reports personal fees from Eisai, personal fees from Meiji Seika Pharma, personal fees from Mochida, personal fees from MSD, personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and personal fees from Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical, outside the submitted work. Dr. Partinen reports personal fees and other from Bioprojet, other from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from UCB-Pharma, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Takeda, personal fees and other from MSD, personal fees from Orion, and personal fees and other from Umecrine, outside the submitted work. Dr. Penzel reports personal fees from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Bayer Healthcare, personal fees from Neuwirth, and personal fees from Löwenstein Medical, outside the submitted work, and shareholder of The Siestagroup GmbH, Advanced Sleep Research GmbH, Nukute. Dr. Plazzi reports personal fees from UCB pharma, personal fees from Jazz pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Bioprojet, personal fees from Idorsia, and personal fees from Takeda, outside the submitted work. Dr. Wing reports grants from Research Grant Council General Research Fund, grants from Health and Medical Research Fund, personal fees from Eisai Inc., personal fees from Eisai Co., Ltd., and other from Lundbeck HK Limited, outside the submitted work. Dr. Benedict reports that he served as a paid member of a scientific advisory board for Repha GmBH, Langenhagen, Germany. Dr. Bjorvatn, Mr. Bolstad, Dr. Cedernaes, Dr. Chan, Dr. Dauvilliers, Ms. Fernandes, Dr. De Gennaro, Dr. Han, Dr. Huang, Dr. Holzinger, Dr. Morin, Dr. Mota-Rolim, Dr. Nadorff, Mr. Schneider, Dr. Sieminski, Dr. Saaresranta, Dr. Merikanto, Ms. Waseem, and Ms. Pham have nothing to disclose."