Premorbid β1-selective (but not non-selective) β-blocker exposure reduces intensive care unit mortality among septic patients.

"Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participateThe Research Ethics Committee of the Taipei Veterans General Hospital approved this study and waived the requirement for informed consent. Consent for publicationNot applicable. Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests."

"Funding This study was supported, in part, by research grants from the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 106-2314-B-350-001-MY3); the Novel Bioengineering and Technological Approaches to Solve Two Major Health Problems in Taiwan program, sponsored by the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology Academic Excellence Program (MOST 108-2633-B-009-001); the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW106-TDU-B-211-113001); and Taipei Veterans General Hospital (V105C-207, V106C-045, V108C-195, V109B-010, V109D50-003-MY3-1). The funding institutions took no part in the study design, data collection or analysis, publication intent, or manuscript preparation."