The precautionary principle and genetically modified organisms: A bone of contention between European institutions and member states.

"For example, Article 15 of the Rio Declaration refers to ‘precautionary measures’ and it is described as tending towards a ‘weak’ version of the Precautionary Principle insofar as it qualifies the requirement to apply the principle depending on the capacity of a State to do so, as well as by factoring in the cost-effectiveness of a precautionary measure. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development , 14 June 1992, 31 ILM 874 (1992), Principle 15 (‘ Rio Declaration ’)."

"I am deeply grateful to George F. Tomossy, for his excellent guidance and support. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Professor Shawkat Alam, Dr Aline Jaeckel, and Zara Bending for their valuable feedback on drafts of this research. I also thank Professor and former Justice Carlos Bernal Pulido, for his encouragement in publishing my research. Finally, I would also thank the Reviewers for their thoughtful comments and efforts towards improving my manuscript. I gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this study provided by Macquarie University. All limitations and errors are, of course, my own. Alessandra Guida, admitted lawyer, is a PhD candidate and casual academic at Macquarie University (Australia), where she is recipient of an International scholarship. Alessandra holds a Master of Research from Macquarie Law School which was accorded a High Distinction by external examiners. She also holds a LL.B. and LL.M. in Law from University of Bologna (Italy) and a LL.M. completed at Tilburg University (Netherlands). Given her internationally recognised expertise in international law, technology law, and agricultural law, Alessandra received invitations to present numerous research findings at international conferences that took place in Europe and Australia. Further, she is the Guest Editor of a special issue discussing crucial issues surrounding AgTech, which will be published in Volume 12 of the European Journal of Risk Regulation. International law, technology law, health law, agricultural law, international trade law, international human rights, and international environmental law are her main research areas of interest."