ATP transporters in the joints.

"Declarations Conflict of interestA.M. has filed a patent on the use of adenosine A2AR agonists to prevent prosthesis loosening (pending) and a separate patent on the use of A2AR agonists and agents that increase adenosine levels to promote bone formation/regeneration. R.L. and G.H.-B. have filed a patent on the use of 6-shogaol in osteoarthritis. A.L.-V. and M.M.-B. have no conflicts of interest. B.C. has consulted for Eli Lilly & Co., Horizon Pharmaceuticals, and AstraZeneca. B.C. is a founder and Director of the Scientific Advisory Board of Regenosine, Inc. and has equity in Regenosine, Inc. Ethical approvalNot applicable. Informed consentNot applicable. Conflict of interest A.M. has filed a patent on the use of adenosine A2AR agonists to prevent prosthesis loosening (pending) and a separate patent on the use of A2AR agonists and agents that increase adenosine levels to promote bone formation/regeneration. R.L. and G.H.-B. have filed a patent on the use of 6-shogaol in osteoarthritis. A.L.-V. and M.M.-B. have no conflicts of interest. B.C. has consulted for Eli Lilly & Co., Horizon Pharmaceuticals, and AstraZeneca. B.C. is a founder and Director of the Scientific Advisory Board of Regenosine, Inc. and has equity in Regenosine, Inc."

"Funding A.M. was supported by “Instituto de Salud Carlos III” through the “Miguel Servet” Program (CP15/00053), co-funded by the “Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER).” No other competing interests exist. This work was supported by grants from the New York University (NYU) School of Medicine Applied Research Support Fund and the US National Institutes of Health (R01 AR068593), by the NYU-HHC Clinical and Translational Science Institute (UL1 TR000038) and the NYU DART Pathology Core, and by a research grant from the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI16/00991, PI19/00744)."