Acoustic and visual stimuli combined promote stronger responses to aerial predation in fish.

"the full reproducible r code ( ) is available (see ). we compared the frequency of both disturbance types using a generalized linear model with negative binomial error and tested whether disturbance activity varied throughout the day by including the two-way interaction disturbance type x sampling time ( supplementary table 1 ; see for reproducible r code)."

"CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare that no conflict of interest exists."

"FUNDING This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; BI 1828/3-1 (DB), RO 4766/2-1 (PR), EXC 2002/1 “Science of Intelligence” project 390523135 [J.K., P.R., and D.B.]) and the Open Access Publication Fund of the Humboldt-Universitä zu Berlin. J.L. was partially supported by the Berlin Funding for Graduates (Elsa-Neumann-Scholarship des Landes Berlin). We thank M. Sroka, C. Twomey, C. Doran, M. Habedank, D. Lewis, J. Petrasch, J. Bak-Coleman, A. Jordan, G. Mazué, and G. Rieuceau for help with fieldwork. We are grateful to the director and staff at the CIIEA Centro de Investigación e Innovación para la Enseñanza y el Aprendizaje field station in Teapa (Mexico) for hosting our multiple research stays. J. Choi, J. Piotrowski, and C. Schutz assisted with video tracking. In addition, we thank K. Laskowski for helpful advice on data analysis as well as T. Mehner, M. Alirangues Nuñez, F. Dhellemmes, F. Kupprat, D. Neubauer, and G. Scholtysik for discussion of an earlier manuscript draft. We thank the editor, and two reviewers for their constructive suggestions that improved the manuscript. All procedures adhered to the “Guidelines for the treatment of animals in behavioral research and teaching” (Animal Behaviour 2020) and were approved by the Mexican government (DGOPA.09004.041111.3088, PRMN/DGOPA-009/2015, and PRMN/DGOPA-012/2017 issued by SAGARPA-CONAPESCA-DGOPA)."