Physiologically informed neuromodulation.

"Declaration of Competing Interest Lothar Krinke is currently the CEO of Welcony Inc. Welcony Inc. is commercializing Electroencephalography, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and other Medical and Research Devices under the Magstim, EGI, Neurosign and Technomed brands and businesses. He also used to be an employee of Medtronic and holds Medtronic stock. Gaynor Foster and Alix Thomson are employed by Welcony Inc. Alik Widge has multiple granted and pending patent applications in the use of physiologic markers to optimize neurostimulation, including for oscillation-related neurostimulation. None of these is licensed to any entity. He receives device donations from Medtronic, Inc., which previously employed Drs. Krinke and Denison. Tim Denison has multiple granted and pending patent applications in the use of physiologic markers to optimize neurostimulation; the patents relevant for this work are licensed to Medtronic. He has consulted for Synchron, Cortec Neuro, Inspire, and Medtronic. He has research collaborations with and stock ownership in Bioinduction Ltd., research grants and collaborations with Magstim Ltd., and is a co-founder of Amber Therapeutics and Verity VR. These activities are managed with a conflict-of-interest plan at the University of Oxford. Tim Denison and Karen Wendt have received materials for research from Magstim Ltd. Saydra Wilson has current grant funding to use physiologic markers to optimize neuromodulation supported by the 10.13039/100007249University of Minnesota's MnDRIVE (Minnesota's Discovery, Research and Innovation Economy) initiative. Tim Denison, Karen Wendt, Alik Widge and Saydra Wilson received no direct financial support for the authorship of this article."

"Tim Denison and Karen Wendt acknowledge support from the 10.13039/501100000265Medical Research Council (project MC_UU_00003/3)."