A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of community pharmacist-led interventions to optimise the use of antibiotics.

"COMPETING INTERESTS L.v.D. has received funding from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries for a study not related to this review. C.L. has received research grants from Abbott Diagnostics, unrelated to this review. No other funding was received for writing this review."

"Funding information Teva Pharmaceutical Industries"

"This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and the protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020188552). We searched PubMed, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library with key concepts “anti‐bacterial agents”, “drug utilization”, “community pharmacy services” and “clinical trials”, using the search strategies provided in Appendix . All databases were searched from inception until 11 January 2021. Reference lists and citations of included studies were backward searched for additional studies. From the Cochrane Library, only references not published in PubMed or EMBASE were included in the screening. No restrictions were applied in ways of publication language. Methods: This review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42020188552). PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for (randomised) controlled trials. Included interventions were required to target antibiotic use, be set in the community pharmacy context, and be pharmacist‐led. Primary outcomes were quality of antibiotic supply and adverse effects while secondary outcomes included patient‐reported outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the ‘Cochrane suggested risk of bias criteria’ and narrative synthesis of primary outcomes conducted."