Mobile phone data reveal the effects of violence on internal displacement in Afghanistan.

"code availability all code to reproduce the findings of this study is available at https://github com/global-policy-lab/afghanistan-internal-displacement ."

"Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests."

"We thank M. Callen, O. Dube, T. Ghani, S. Kakade and J. Shapiro for helpful conversations. G. Chi, R. Gajendragadkar, S. Mittal and M. Jalis provided excellent research assistance on this project. J.E.B. received support for this work from the National Science Foundation under grant nos IIS-1942702 and CCF-1637360 and from the Office of Naval Research under award no. N00014-17-1-2313. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the Office of Naval Research."