The geospatial and conceptual configuration of the natural environment impacts the association with health outcomes and behavior in children and adolescents.

"Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participateThe study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval was obtained by the ethics committee of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. The Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information was informed about the study and approved it. Study participation was voluntary, and participants’ guardians provided written consent. Consent for publicationNot applicable. Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests."

"Funding This work was supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (funding reference number: 01ER1503) within the research program’long-term studies’ in public health research and has been developed within the Motorik-Modul Longitudinal Study (MoMo) (2009–2022): Physical fitness and physical activity as determinants of health development in children and adolescents. Carina Nigg receives funding of the German Academic Scholarship Foundation (Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes). Open access funding was provided by the University of Bern and swissuniversities. The funding sources were not involved in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication."