Development of a method for walking step observation based on large-scale GPS data.

"Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participateEthics approval is not required for this study as the GPS data we used are commercial data provided in an anonymized form; we did not conduct surveys of human subjects by ourselves. The GPS data were collected only from users who authorized its collection and provision to third parties, and users could opt out from providing their location information at any time. Consent for publicationNot applicable. Competing interestsTN, NN and AH received grants from EAST JAPAN RAILWAY COMPANY during the conduct of the study. SN and TH declare no competing interests. Competing interests TN, NN and AH received grants from EAST JAPAN RAILWAY COMPANY during the conduct of the study. SN and TH declare no competing interests."

"Funding This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant 20H00040 and the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) (under Grant Number JP21tm0124005), and Traffic and Medical Informatics in Disaster, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University. The Endowed Department of Traffic and Medical Informatics in Disaster, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University is managed by the donation from East Japan Railway Company."