The language of sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea beyond the Epworth.

"Declarations Ethical approvalAll procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee (University of California San Diego Institutional Review Board – IRB project number 190489) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consentInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Conflict of interestDr. Atul Malhotra reports income related to medical education from Livanova, Jazz, Equillium, and Corvus. ResMed provided a philanthropic donation to UC San Diego. All other authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. Conflict of interest Dr. Atul Malhotra reports income related to medical education from Livanova, Jazz, Equillium, and Corvus. ResMed provided a philanthropic donation to UC San Diego. All other authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript."

"Funding Jazz Pharmaceuticals provided financial support in the form of a clinical investigator sponsored trial. The sponsor had no role in the design or conduct of this research. Dr. Kaufman was funded by the National Institute on Aging (NIH Grant #: K01AG061239). Dr. Malhotra is funded by the NIH."

"Adults aged 18–89 years being evaluated for the first time in the Sleep Clinic at the University of California San Diego between March 2020 and March 2021 were recruited. Patients previously seen for sleep consultation were excluded. Vulnerable patient groups including prisoners and those with cognitive impairment were excluded. The study was approved by the University of California San Diego Institutional Review Board and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04323254). Participants electronically signed informed consent prior to initiating the study protocol."