Autoantibodies against type I interferons in COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

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"Declaration of competing interest The authors have no competing interests to declare."

"Funding The work was supported by Key Techniques in Collaborative Prevention and Control of Major Infectious Diseases in the Belt and Road Initiative (Grant No. 2018ZX10101002-004). The funder was not involved in the design, data collection, analysis, or writing of the manuscript."

"We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science to find articles reporting anti-IFN-autoantibodies and SARS-CoV-2 infection from 20 December 2019 to 15 August 2022 (PROSPERO registration number CRD42022354364). The following keywords were used: “COVID-19" or “SARS-CoV-2” and “autoantibodies” or “autoantibody” and “IFN” or “interferon”. The search strategy is available in supplementary materials. Two researchers independently screened each report. The inclusion criteria were: (i) subjects diagnosed with COVID-19 by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or serological testing for specific antibodies; (ii) subjects tested for autoantibodies against type-I-IFN, including subtypes; and (iii) articles published in English. The exclusion criteria were articles without data relevant to the study or where the full text was not available; case reports and preprints. Moreover, we also excluded studies in which autoantibodies were not assayed for neutralization; studies that dealt with specific populations, such as patients with only severe or only mild COVID-19; only male or only female patients; patients with COVID-19 with other diseases; and patients with COVID-19 receiving unconventional or special treatment. For studies with duplicate subjects, we included the one with the larger sample size if it was impossible to distinguish the duplicate patients from the others; if the duplicate patients could be identified, the non-replicated data were included for analysis."