Arm swing deviations in patients with Parkinson's disease at different gait velocities.

"Declarations Conflict of interestStefan Mainka and Maximilian Lauermann have no conflict of interest to report. Georg Ebersbach received honoraria for advisory board or consultancy from AbbVie Pharma, BIAL Pharma, Biogen GmbH, Desitin Pharma, STADA Pharma, and Neuroderm Inc. He received speaker honoraria from AbbVie Pharma, BIAL Pharma, Britannia Pharma, Desitin Pharma, Licher GmbH, UCB Pharma, and Zambon Pharma. He received royalties from Kohlhammer Verlag and Thieme Verlag. Conflict of interest Stefan Mainka and Maximilian Lauermann have no conflict of interest to report. Georg Ebersbach received honoraria for advisory board or consultancy from AbbVie Pharma, BIAL Pharma, Biogen GmbH, Desitin Pharma, STADA Pharma, and Neuroderm Inc. He received speaker honoraria from AbbVie Pharma, BIAL Pharma, Britannia Pharma, Desitin Pharma, Licher GmbH, UCB Pharma, and Zambon Pharma. He received royalties from Kohlhammer Verlag and Thieme Verlag."

"This work was funded by the Deutsche Parkinsonvereinigung (Neuss, Germany). The funding source has had no involvement in the study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, nor in writing the report or the decisions to submit for publication. Thanks to Arno Schroll for performing the statistical analysis. Thanks to Melanie Voigt for the language corrections."

"The study was registered with the German clinical trials register (DRKS00022049). We included patients diagnosed with PD according to UK Brain Bank criteria. These patients met the following criteria: age 40–79 years, ability to walk safely without use of walking aids, ability to change gait speed from very slow to very fast, ability to perform testing without fatigue based on previous experience of the participant, no further gait disorder that was not related to PD, no troublesome dyskinesia in on-state of dopaminergic medication (corresponding to score 0 in UPDRS item IV.33), no camptocormia or Pisa-syndrome > 20°, no festination of gait with propulsive gait pattern and insufficient heel strike, no freezing of gait during straight walking episodes during the last 6 months, and no signs or history of cognitive impairment (corresponding to score 0 in UPDRS item I.1.)."