Differential Associations of GAD Antibodies (GADA) and C-Peptide With Insulin Initiation, Glycemic Responses, and Severe Hypoglycemia in Patients Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes.

"Duality of Interest. J.C.N.C. has received research grants and/or honoraria for consultancy and/or giving lectures from Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Hua Medicine, Lee Powder, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Sanofi and Viatris. A.O.Y.L. has served as an advisory committee member for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi, and Amgen, and has received research grants and travel grants from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, MSD, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Amgen. R.C.W.M. has received research grants for clinical trials from AstraZeneca, Bayer, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Tricida, and honoraria for consultancy or lectures from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. A.P.S.K. has received research grants and/or speaker honoraria from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Merck Serono, Nestlé, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. M.H.T.W. is a shareholder of Beth Bioinformatics Co., Ltd. J.C.N.C. and R.C.W.M. hold patents for using biogenetic markers to predict risk of diabetes and its complications. J.C.N.C., C.K.P.L., and R.C.W.M. are co-founders of GemVCare, a biotech start up supported by the Technology Start-up Support Scheme for Universities of the Hong Kong Government Innovation and Technology Commission. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported."

"Funding. This study was supported by the Hong Kong Government Health and Medical Research Fund (CFS-CUHK2) and the Research Grants Council Research Impact Fund (R4012-18)."