Artificial intelligence in retinal disease: clinical application, challenges, and future directions.

"Declarations Ethical approvalThis article does not contain any studies with animals or human participants performed by any of the authors. Conflict of interestThe authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article. MM consults for MeiraGTx Ltd. All other authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organisation or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements) or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge, or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. Conflict of interest The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article. MM consults for MeiraGTx Ltd. All other authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organisation or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements) or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge, or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript."

"Funding This study was funded by grants from the Wellcome Trust [099173/Z/12/Z], the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Charity, Retina UK, and the Foundation Fighting Blindness (no specific grant/award number for the latter). NP is funded by an NIHR AI Award (AI_AWARD02488). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health."