12-week combined strength and endurance exercise attenuates CD8⁺ T-cell differentiation and affects the kynurenine pathway in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial.

"Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participateThis study was conducted at Leibniz University Hanover from August 2018 to March 2019. The research conforms to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol and informed consent were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Commission of the Medical Chamber of Lower Saxony (Hannover, Germany) (Bo/07/2018, URL: https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do). This study is registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00014322). All subjects provided written informed consent prior to any trial-related procedures. Consent for publicationNot applicable. Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests."

"Funding Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This research received no external funding."

"Ninety six men and women were enrolled from the general population in Hannover, Germany, between August 2018 and March 2019. Recruitment was conducted using a wide distribution via advertisements in local newspapers and public notices. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for each participant were determined using a formalized questionnaire. Inclusion criteria for participation were age ≥ 50 and ≤ 70 years, no regular exercise training aside from the daily activities for at least 2 years, and stable body weight (± 5 kg) for at least 6 months. Exclusion criteria were defined as cardiovascular diseases (angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia), type 1 and 2 diabetes, renal insufficiency and liver diseases, blood coagulation disorders, chronic gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., ulcers, Crohn's disease, pancreatic insufficiency), immunological diseases (e.g. autoimmune diseases), intake of immunosuppressive drugs or laxatives, intake of supplements containing n3-FAs, smoking, alcohol-, drug and/or medicine dependency, pregnancy or lactation, retraction of the consent by the subject, concurrent participation in another clinical study, and participation in a study in the last 30 days. Following the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, written informed consent was obtained from all participants before participation in the study. Ethical approval was provided by the Ethics Commission of the Medical Chamber of Lower Saxony (Hannover, Germany) (Bo/07/2018, URL: https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do). This study is registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00014322). Declarations: Ethics approval and consent to participateThis study was conducted at Leibniz University Hanover from August 2018 to March 2019. The research conforms to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol and informed consent were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Commission of the Medical Chamber of Lower Saxony (Hannover, Germany) (Bo/07/2018, URL: https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do). This study is registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00014322). All subjects provided written informed consent prior to any trial-related procedures.: Consent for publicationNot applicable.: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted at Leibniz University Hanover from August 2018 to March 2019. The research conforms to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol and informed consent were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Commission of the Medical Chamber of Lower Saxony (Hannover, Germany) (Bo/07/2018, URL: https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do). This study is registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00014322). All subjects provided written informed consent prior to any trial-related procedures."