Community factors and excess mortality in the COVID-19 pandemic in England, Italy and Sweden.

"Conflicts of interest : None declared."

"Funding The work of the UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit is overseen by UK Health Security Agency (UK HSA) and supported by the UK Medical Research Council (Grant number: MR/L01341X/1), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) through its Health Protection Units (HPRUs) at Imperial College London in Environmental Exposures and Health and in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, and through Health Data Research UK (HDR UK). M.B., B.P., F.P., B.D. and D.F. acknowledge infrastructure support for the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics provided by the NIHR Imperial BRC. The views expressed are those of the authors. The work was partially supported by the MRC Centre for Environment and Health, which was funded by the Medical Research Council (MR/S019669/1, 2019–2024). This article does not necessarily reflect the views of UK Health Security Agency, the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health and Social Care. C.B. and U.S. acknowledge funding from the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working-Life and Welfare (Grant 2020-00962) and the Swedish Cancer Society (Grant 20 0719). Conflicts of interest: None declared."