An extended period of elevated influenza mortality risk follows the main waves of influenza pandemics.

"data availability code and data are available at https://zenodo org/record/7995423 . data availability code and data are available at https://zenodo"

"Declaration of competing interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest."

"Funding This project is supported by a grant that is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) as part of UK Research and Innovation’s rapid response to COVID-19 (ES/V005898/1). The project also received support from the University of Glasgow via the Adam Smith Business School Student Internship Scheme and College of Social Sciences College Research Fund. Rebecca Mancy’s contribution to this work was also supported by The Leckie Fellowship, the Medical Research Council [grant number MC_UU_00022/4] and the Chief Scientist Office [grant number SPHSU19]."