Antiviral CD8⁺ T-cell immune responses are impaired by cigarette smoke and in COPD.

"Conflict of Interest: H. Ma reports support for the present manuscript from the German Center for Lung Research (DZL). M. Nakayama reports overseas grant from Uehara Memorial Foundation (Japan) and overseas grant from Shiga university of Medical Science, outside the submitted work. A.L. Mora reports support for the present manuscript from NIH (NIH U01 HL1455550-01 and NIH NHLBI R01 HL149825). J.S. Lee reports participation on clinical adjudication committee with Janssen R&D, outside the submitted work. S. Krauss-Etschmann reports support for the present manuscript from the German Center for Lung Research. K. Milger reports consulting fees and lecture honoraria from AstraZeneca, GSK, Janssen, Novartis and Sanofi, outside the submitted work. C.A. Staab-Weijnitz reports support for the present manuscript from Helmholtz Association, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the Research Training Group GRK2338. K.I. Gaede reports support for the present manuscript from Research Center Borstel – Leibniz Lung Center – BioMaterialBank North, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), PopGen 2.0 Network (P2N). K.I. Gaede also holds a leadership role as member of the Board of Directors of the TMF (www.tmf-ev.de), outside the submitted work. I.E. Kammerl reports support for the present manuscript from ERS (Short Term Fellowship). All other authors have no potential conflicts of interest to declare."

"We kindly acknowledge the generous gift of the IAV strain PR8 from Susanne Herold (Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Gießen, Germany) and the provision of the IAV-specific T-cell hybridoma clone 4VA1 by David Canaday (Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA). Moreover, we are grateful for the expert support by Beatrix Steer (Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany). We thank the NIH Tetramer Core Facility (contract number 75N93020D00005) for providing the IAV tetramers. The graphical abstract was generated with BioRender. We gratefully acknowledge the provision of human biomaterial and clinical data from the CPC-M bioArchive and its partners at the Asklepios Biobank Gauting, the LMU Hospital and the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. We are grateful to the excellent technical assistance of Frauke Koops, Gesine Rode and Christian Rosero (Research Center Borstel). We also like to thank Margrit Kernbach and Stefanie Fox from the BioMaterialBank North (Borstel, Germany), for their excellent technical assistance, and the study centre of the Research Center Borstel for their help. We thank the patients and their families as well as the healthy blood donors for their support. Support statement: The study was supported by funding from the Faculty of Medicine at LMU (FöFoLe program for S. Haines), the European Respiratory Society (ERS) (short-term fellowship for I.E. Kammerl), intramural funding by the Helmholtz Center Munich, and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (BMBF) grant EXASENS (13N13856) (funding M. Wolff) to S. Krauss-Etschmann. J. Chen was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81600063). H. Zhang is supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M720916). M. Nakayama was supported by the Uehara Memorial Foundation and Shiga University of Medical Science. S. Meiners is funded through a personal grant by the Leibniz foundation. Funding information for this article has been deposited with the Crossref Funder Registry."