Acute and Long-Term Consequences of Co-opted doublesex on the Development of Mimetic Butterfly Color Patterns.

"data availability rna-seq data have been deposited in the ncbi sra under bioproject prjna882073 ( supplementary table s1 supplementary material online). the p alphenor assembly and annotation generated in this study are available in dryad ( https://doi org/10 5061/dryad n2z34tn2x ). results were similar using sirnas targeting either exon 3 (all female isoforms) or exon 5 (all isoforms except female isoform 2c; supplementary fig s2 supplementary material online; supplementary data set s1 supplementary material online).; full phenotypes and over 70 additional rnai individuals including males of both genotypes are found in supplementary data set s1 supplementary material online.; importantly we observed mild or no effects of rnai of these genes in nonmimetic butterflies regardless of their sex suggesting that mimetic dsx has caused the evolution of a mimetic female-specific pattern of wnt signaling that functions to restrict medial red and opal patterns that are promoted by mimetic dsx itself ( fig 3 ; supplementary data set s1 supplementary material online).; the shape of the pale patches remained mostly unchanged but the shift could be so drastic that marginal and submarginal patterns merged ( supplementary data set s1 supplementary material online).; papilio alphenor en was de in mimetic females relative to all nonmimetic butterflies remaining highly expressed in later developmental stages ( fig 4 a ) inv was not de but was slightly elevated in mimetic females at the same stages as en inv rnai also altered the mimetic color pattern producing a nonmimetic-like pattern in wing cell 1 distal shift of the white patch and reduced submarginal red patches ( fig 4 c ; supplementary data set s1 supplementary material online).; our results and others suggest that the ancestral nonmimetic dsx allele plays a limited role in color pattern development: it is lowly expressed across the developing wing and dsx rnai has subtle effects in nonmimetic females ( supplementary data set s1 supplementary material online; ; ; ).; full rnai results can be found in supplementary data set s1 supplementary material online msad196_supplementary_data click here for additional data file. data availability rna-seq data have been deposited in the ncbi sra under bioproject prjna882073"

"We thank Nipam Patel for providing the 4F11 antibody; The University of Chicago Functional Genomics Facility (RRID:SCR_019196) and its staff for their help with sequencing; the University of Chicago greenhouse staff; Ayşe Tenger-Trolander, Kelsey Stilson, Erick X. Bayala, and Adam Kuuspalu for the technical assistance; and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful criticisms. This work was funded by NIH R35 GM131828 to M.R.K."