Defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses increase the choroidal thickness: a two-year randomized clinical trial.

"Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participateAll subjects and their parents or guardians signed an informed assent and consent. The study protocol was approved by Institutional Review Board of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HSEARS20140630003) and was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent to publicationNot applicable. Competing interestsRKC, DYT, CT and CL received financial support from HOYA lens Thailand Ltd. CT and CL are the consultants of HOYA lens Thailand Ltd and have a patent for spectacle lens (US11029540). DYT and CT have a patent for an optical system (US10898407). HZ, ZL and YZ declare that they have no competing interests. Competing interests RKC, DYT, CT and CL received financial support from HOYA lens Thailand Ltd. CT and CL are the consultants of HOYA lens Thailand Ltd and have a patent for spectacle lens (US11029540). DYT and CT have a patent for an optical system (US10898407). HZ, ZL and YZ declare that they have no competing interests."

"Funding The authors thank HOYA for providing the financial support as the collaborative research (PolyU Grant no. H-ZG3B and 1-87LK), the spectacles and lenses for the study. The study was also supported by other PolyU Grants (Grant No. BD90, ZVS5, ZVN1), Research Impact Fund (Grant No. R5032-18), Research Center for SHARP Vision (Grant No. 1-BBC0), Henry G. Leong Endowed Professorship in Elderly Vision Health (Grant No. 8-847) and The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government (Grant No. InnoHK initiative)."

"Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov. Myopia control with the multi-segment lens. NCT02206217. Registered 29 July 2014, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02206217"