Ten years of gadolinium retention and deposition: ESMRMB-GREC looks backward and forward.

"table 1 reviewed studies describing findings of gadolinium retention/deposition for various gbca stratified by involved organs contrast agent organs involved major findings references linear gbca gadodiamide brain pituitary gland hyperintensity in dn and gp on unenhanced t1w (humans) 45 hyperintensity in dn and gp on unenhanced t1w (animals) 111213141516173568 no ultrastructural or metabolic changes (animals) 14151617 hyperintensity in anterior pituitary gland on unenhanced t1w (humans) 2425 persistent hyperintensity in dcn on t1w after 12 months (animals) 2627 25-40% washout of brain within 12 months (animals) 2627 increased r1 relaxation rate (humans) 44 no increase in t1 hyperintensity after radiotherapy (animals) 58 gd present as intact chelate soluble macromolecules insoluble forms (animals) 5960 higher si changes in dn on unenhanced t1w than macrocyclic gbca (animals) 63 liver spleen kidneys higher gd levels in liver spleen kidneys than macrocyclic gbca (animals) 636769 higher level of gd in spleen than gadobutrol (animals) 64 more kidney fibrosis amyloid vasocongestion than gadoterate (animals) 65 high gd levels in liver and kidney (animals) 68 skin bone very long bone residence time (humans) 10 higher level gd in skin and bone than gadoterate (animals) 6776 higher gd levels in femoral bone than gadoteridol and controls (humans) 7374 dermal thickening in multiple sclerosis patients89 gadopentetate brain not significant hyperintensity in dn and gp on unenhanced t1w (animals) 11 hyperintensity in dn and gp on unenhanced t1w (animals) 13 10-40% washout of brain within 12 months (animals) 27 hyperintensity in dn and gp on unenhanced t1w (humans) 36 no increase in gd levels after radiotherapy (animals) 19 increased gd levels after brain inflammation (animals) 20 increased r1 relaxation rate (humans) 44 gd present as intact chelate soluble macromolecules insoluble forms (animals) 59 liver spleen kidneys higher gd levels in liver spleen kidneys (animals) 66 skin bone long bone residence time (humans) 10 gadobenate brain hyperintensity in dn and gp on unenhanced t1w (animals) 1113356368 hyperintensity in dn and gp on unenhanced t1w (humans) 363739 increased gd levels after abdominal sepsis (animals) 38 gd present as intact chelate soluble macromolecules insoluble forms (animals) 59 higher si changes in dn on unenhanced t1w than macrocyclic gbca (animals) 63 liver spleen kidneys higher gd levels in liver spleen kidneys than macrocyclic gbca 6368 high gd levels in liver and kidney (animals) 68 bone skin intermediate bone residence time (humans) 10 higher gd retention in bone than gadoteridol (humans) 39 intermediate gd levels in skin (animals) 76 gadoxetate brain no hyperintensity in dn and gp on unenhanced t1w (animals) 40 no hyperintensity in dn and gp on unenhanced t1w (humans) 4143 hyperintensity in dn and gp on unenhanced t1w (humans) 4243 liver spleen kidneys lower levels gd in liver spleen kidneys than gadodiamide or gadobutrol (animals) 69 skin bone intermediate bone residence time (humans) 10 macrocyclic gbca gadoteridol brain more than 65% washout of brain within 12 months (animals) 27 no detectable gd levels in brain (animals) 35 lower level gd in brain than gadoterate and gadobutrol (animals) 474849 gd only present as intact chelate (animals) 60 lower t1w si changes in dn on unenhanced t1w than linear gbca (animals) 63 liver spleen kidneys lower level gd in kidney and/or liver than gadoterate and gadobutrol (animals) 4748 lower gd levels in liver spleen kidneys than linear gbca (animals) 63 skin bone lower level gd in skin than gadoterate and gadobutrol (animals) 4849 lower gd levels in femoral head bone than gadodiamide (humans) 7374 intermediate bone residence time (humans) 10 gadoterate brain no hyperintensity in dn and gp on unenhanced t1w (animals) 11121317 more than 85% washout of brain within 12 months (animals) 2627 no detectable gd levels in brain (animals) 35 higher level gd in brain than gadoteridol (animals) 474849 gd only present as intact chelate (animals) 59 liver spleen kidneys higher level gd in kidney and/or liver than gadoteridol (animals) 4748 less kidney fibrosis amyloid vasocongestion than gadodiamide (animals) 65 lower level gd in liver than gadodiamide (animals) 67 skin bone higher level gd in skin than gadoteridol (animals) 4849 lower level gd in skin and bone than gadodiamide (animals) 6776 short bone residence time (humans) 10 gadobutrol brain no hyperintensity in dn and gp on unenhanced t1w (animals) 11 more than 85% washout of brain within 12 months (animals) 27 no detectable gd levels in brain (animals) 35 higher level gd in brain than gadoteridol (animals) 474849 higher magnetic susceptibility in gp (humans) 53 increased gd accumulation by qsm after radiotherapy (humans) 57 gd only present as intact chelate (animals) 59 lower si changes in dn on unenhanced t1w than linear gbca (animals) 63 liver spleen kidneys higher level gd in rat kidney and/or liver than gadoteridol (animals) 4748 lower gd levels in liver spleen kidneys than linear gbca (animals) 63 lower level of gd in spleen than gadodiamide (animals) 64 decreased renal t1 on unenhanced t1w (humans) 70 skin bone short bone residence time (humans) 10 lower level gd in skin than linear gbca (animals) 1176 higher level gd in skin than gadoteridol (animals) 4849 abbreviations: dcn = deep cerebral nuclei; dn = dentate nucleus; gbca = gadolinium-based contrast agent(s); gd = gadolinium; gp = globus pallidus; qsm = quantitative susceptibility mapping; si = signal intensity; t1w = t1-weighted after 10 years even though there is evidence that gbca are retained and that sometimes gd is deposited in tissues there is no evidence of clinical symptoms nor harm associated with gd deposition in the brain and body."

"Declarations GuarantorThe scientific guarantor of this publication is Aart J. van der Molen. Conflict of interestThe authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies:A.J. van der Molen received consultancy fees from Guerbet.I.A. Dekkers received consultancy fees from Guerbet. Statistics and biometryNo complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper. Informed consentWritten informed consent was not required for this study because it is a review. Ethical approvalInstitutional Review Board approval was not required because it is a review. Study subjects or cohorts overlapNone. Methodology• retrospective• multicentre study Conflict of interest The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies: A.J. van der Molen received consultancy fees from Guerbet. I.A. Dekkers received consultancy fees from Guerbet."

"Funding The authors state that this work has not received any funding."