High serum uric acid levels are protective against cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

"Declarations Conflicts of interestAdriano Chiò serves on scientific advisory boards for Mitsubishi Tanabe, Biogen, Roche, Denali Pharma, Cytokinetics, Lilly, Ferrer, Zambon Biotech, and Amylyx Pharmaceuticals and has received a research grant from Biogen. Barbara Iazzolino, Maurizio Grassano, Cristina Moglia, Antonio Canosa, Umberto Manera, Rosario Vasta, Sara Cabras, Stefano Callegaro, Enrico Matteoni, Francesca Di Pede, Francesca Palumbo, Gabriele Mora have no disclosures. Andrea Calvo has received a research grant from Cytokinetics. Ethical approvalStandard Protocol Approvals, Registrations, and Patient Consents. The study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the ALS Expert Center of Torino (Comitato Etico Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, #0038876). Patients and controls provided written informed consent before enrollment. The databases were anonymized according to Italian law for the protection of privacy. Conflicts of interest Adriano Chiò serves on scientific advisory boards for Mitsubishi Tanabe, Biogen, Roche, Denali Pharma, Cytokinetics, Lilly, Ferrer, Zambon Biotech, and Amylyx Pharmaceuticals and has received a research grant from Biogen. Barbara Iazzolino, Maurizio Grassano, Cristina Moglia, Antonio Canosa, Umberto Manera, Rosario Vasta, Sara Cabras, Stefano Callegaro, Enrico Matteoni, Francesca Di Pede, Francesca Palumbo, Gabriele Mora have no disclosures. Andrea Calvo has received a research grant from Cytokinetics."

"Funding This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (Ministero della Salute, Ricerca Sanitaria Finalizzata, grant RF-2016-02362405); the Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale program of the Ministry of Education, University and Research (grant 2017SNW5MB); the European Commission’s Health Seventh Framework Programme (project EUROMOTOR under grant agreement 259867); the Horizon 2020 Programme (project Brainteaser under grant agreement 101017598); and the Joint Programme–Neurodegenerative Disease Research (Strength, ALS-Care and Brain-Mend projects), granted by Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research. This study was performed under the Department of Excellence grant of the Italian Ministry of University and Research to the “Rita Levi Montalcini” Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Italy. The funders had no role in data collection or analysis and did not participate in writing or approving the manuscript."