Stunting in infancy is associated with atypical activation of working memory and attention networks.

"data availability all behavioural and brain data used in statistical analyses including scripts and code are publicly available on 10 17605/osf io/kc3n8.; code availability code used for statistical analyses is publicly available on 10 17605/osf io/kc3n8 fnirs analysis pipeline is publicly available at https://github com/developmentaldynamicslab/mri-nirs_pipeline . data availability all behavioural and brain data used in statistical analyses including scripts and code are publicly available on 10 17605/osf"

"code availability code used for statistical analyses is publicly available on 10 17605/osf io/kc3n8 fnirs analysis pipeline is publicly available at https://github com/developmentaldynamicslab/mri-nirs_pipeline ."

"Competing interests S.D. declares the following: Wyeth Nutrition (speaker honorarium); Nestle Nutrition (consultant and research funding); and Mead Johnson Nutrition (speaker honorarium). The remaining authors declare no competing interests."

"This work was supported by grant no. OPP1164153 from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and grant no. R01HD083287 from the National Institutes of Health awarded to J.P.S., grant no. RPG-2019-286 from the Leverhulme Trust awarded to S.W. and NIH grant P50HD103556 awarded to V.A.M. We are grateful to the families from Shivgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, for generously contributing their time for the study. We appreciate the efforts of the study team towards the high-quality and seamless conduct of this study. We thank V. Kumar for his support and guidance throughout the project. Photon migration simulations and group-level fNIRS analyses presented in this article were carried out on the High-Performance Computing Cluster supported by the Research and Specialist Computing Support service at the University of East Anglia. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript."