The gut-joint axis mediates the TNF-induced RA process and PBMT therapeutic effects through the metabolites of gut microbiota.

"data availability statement all data generated or analyzed during the current study are included in this published article [and supplementary information files] or are available in the ncbi sra repository prjna1044260. data availability statement all data generated or analyzed during the current study are included in this published article [and supplementary information files] or are available in the ncbi sra repository prjna1044260"

"Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors."

"Authors’ contributions: Q.M., M.L., and W.S. contributed equally to this study. Q.M., M.L., and W.S. Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, writing – original draft. J.W., Y.Y., and W.G. Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing. P.H., G.C., and Z.S. performed the experiments; P.X., X.D. and H.L. analyzed the data; and all authors approved the final version to be published. F.Z. and H.L. Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing."