Reproductive success of Bornean orangutan males: scattered in time but clustered in space.

"data availability data is provided in the ms and supplementary material. spatial data can be accessed on movebank org : https://www movebank org/cms/webapp? gwt_fragment=page=studiespath=study2765563865"

"Declarations Conflict of interestThe authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approvalThis was an observational study under natural conditions and fecal samples were collected non-invasively. Observers did not interact with focal individuals in any way and remained at a minimum distance of 10 m in order to minimize any effect on their natural behavior. The data collection protocol for this study adhered to the legal requirements of Indonesia and was approved by the Indonesian State Ministry for Research and Technology (RISTEK-BRIN), the Directorate General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation-Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Indonesia (KSDAE-KLHK), the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Indonesia, and the Nature Conservation Agency of Central Kalimantan (BKSDA)) for many subsequent research permits to participants in the Tuanan Orangutan Research Project. Fecal sample collection adhered to Indonesian and international regulations and was authorized by the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK). A subset of the non-invasively collected fecal samples was exported for analyses from Indonesia to Switzerland under permits 00961/IV/SATS-LN/2007, 07279/IV/SATS-LN/2009, and 16223/IV/SA TS-LN/2016 from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Duplicate samples are deposited at IPB University, Indonesia. Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests."

"Funding Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. For financial support, we are indebted to the University of Zurich, the A. H. Schultz Foundation, the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant nos. 310030B-160363/1 and 3100A-116848), USAID (APS-497-11-000001), L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, National Science Foundation (BCS-0643122), Rutgers University, Center for Human Evolution Studies, US Fish and Wildlife Service Great Ape Conservation Fund, Philadelphia Zoo, and Denver Zoo. Open access funding was provided by MPI."