Promoter insertion leads to polyembryony in mango - a case of convergent evolution with citrus.

"snps (single nucleotide polymorphism) in the area between the flanking markers (rep_6716 and mi_0192) that harbor the polyembryony trait ( fig 3a ) were extracted by comparison to the 'tommy atkins' (ta) reference genome [ ] ( supplementary dataset s1 ).; based on the assumption that polyembryonic accessions are expected to be heterozygous and monoembryonic types homozygous [ ] bioinformatics analysis revealed two regions with expected genotypes that correlate with the 15 accession phenotypes ( supplementary table s1 supplementary dataset s1 ).; in this analysis most accessions were either from the mono or the poly haplotype in correlation with their phenotype ( fig 3b supplementary dataset s2 ).; comparison sequences of the coding region sequences of mirwp in ta and kp identified two snps in the coding region in agreement with the ngs data ( supplementary dataset s1 ); snp in position 4598409 which leads to amino acid change (leucine to serine) is heterozygous in kp (polyembryony) and homozygous in ta (monoembryonic).; the data we accumulated ( fig 4b supplementary dataset s2 ) demonstrate that most polyembryonic accessions are heterozygotes for the mirwp allele.; however some were homozygotes for the polyembryony trait (most of them besides asr are of southeast asia origin such as banana long chokanan xoi thanh ca keov and saveoy) ( supplementary dataset s2 ).; a subset of the genomic variation on chromosome 7 around the previously identified polyembryony locus (3100998-5841341 bp [ ]) was extracted from the snp analysis described above ( supplementary dataset s1 )."

"Conflict of interest statement None declared."

"The research was supported by Research Grant No. IS-5106-18R from BARD, The United States–Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund (granted to A.S., D.N.K., Y.C., and R.O.), and by grants No. 203-0859 (granted to A.S. and R.O.) and No. 203-0110 (granted to Y.C.) from the Chief Scientist of the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture. D.N.K. was supported by a grant from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA 2018-51181-28375)."