Single-drug versus combination antimicrobial therapy in critically ill patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia due to Gram-negative pathogens: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.

"Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participateThe OutcomeRéa database protocol was submitted to the Institutional Review Board of the Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (Clermont-Ferrand, France) who waived the need for informed consent (IRB No. 5891). Consent for publicationNot applicable. Competing interestsF. B. declares having received lecture and consulting fees from MSD, lecture fees for BioMérieux and conference invitation from Pfizer, not related to the submitted work. J.-F. T. declares having received consulting fees from Gilead, MSD, Pfizer, BioMérieux and Roche diagnostic, and lecture fees from MSD, Pfizer, Shionogi, BioMérieux, Qiagen, Mundipharma and Gilead, not related to the submitted work. J.-R. Z. declares having received consulting fees and conference invitation from MSD, consulting fees, lecture fees and conference invitations from Pfizer, lecture Fees from Advanz-Pharma and Shionogui, and conference invitations from Biomérieux and Gilead, not related to the submitted work. E. A. is Associate Editor of Critical Care. Other authors declare having no potential conflict of interest related to the submitted work. Competing interests F. B. declares having received lecture and consulting fees from MSD, lecture fees for BioMérieux and conference invitation from Pfizer, not related to the submitted work. J.-F. T. declares having received consulting fees from Gilead, MSD, Pfizer, BioMérieux and Roche diagnostic, and lecture fees from MSD, Pfizer, Shionogi, BioMérieux, Qiagen, Mundipharma and Gilead, not related to the submitted work. J.-R. Z. declares having received consulting fees and conference invitation from MSD, consulting fees, lecture fees and conference invitations from Pfizer, lecture Fees from Advanz-Pharma and Shionogui, and conference invitations from Biomérieux and Gilead, not related to the submitted work. E. A. is Associate Editor of Critical Care. Other authors declare having no potential conflict of interest related to the submitted work."

"Funding This work was supported by a research grant from MSD (Grant Number #59746—Flux FCPA 2020-00021862-0001/0002), without involvement of the firm in study design, statistical analysis plan, result interpretation, or writing of the manuscript."