Heart-on-a-chip systems with tissue-specific functionalities for physiological, pathological, and pharmacological studies.

"Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper."

"This work was financially supported by the 10.13039/501100012166National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0703003), the 10.13039/501100001809National Natural Science Foundation of China (52125501), the 10.13039/501100015401Key Research Project of Shaanxi Province (2021LLRH-08), the 10.13039/501100021171Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2020B1515130002), the 10.13039/501100015401Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province (2023-ZDLSF-08), the Program for Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province (2023-CX-TD-17) and the 10.13039/501100012226Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. Bingsong Gu: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Kang Han: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing - original draft. Hanbo Cao: Conceptualization, Investigation. Xinxin Huang: Writing - original draft. Xiao Li: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Mao Mao: Writing - original draft. Hui Zhu: Writing - original draft. Hu Cai: Funding acquisition. Dichen Li: Funding acquisition, Supervision. Jiankang He: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing."