The effects of higher versus lower protein delivery in critically ill patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis.

"Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participateNot applicable. Consent for publicationNot applicable. Competing InterestsED has received speaker honoraria from Baxter; AH received stipend from Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen (“Habilitationsstipendium”), grants for IITs from DFG and Fresenius Kabi, Lecture fees, and travel honoraria from Fresenius Kabi and Baxter; AvZ received honoraria for advisory board meetings, lectures, research, and travel expenses from Abbott, AOP Pharma, Baxter, Cardinal Health, Danone-Nutricia, DIM3, Fresenius-Kabi, GE Healthcare, Mermaid, Nestle, Paion, Rousselot, and Lyric; MCGvdP received in kind support from Nutricia Research for the PRECISe trial and speaker and travel fees from Nutricia Research. All other authors declare no competing interests. Competing Interests ED has received speaker honoraria from Baxter; AH received stipend from Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen (“Habilitationsstipendium”), grants for IITs from DFG and Fresenius Kabi, Lecture fees, and travel honoraria from Fresenius Kabi and Baxter; AvZ received honoraria for advisory board meetings, lectures, research, and travel expenses from Abbott, AOP Pharma, Baxter, Cardinal Health, Danone-Nutricia, DIM3, Fresenius-Kabi, GE Healthcare, Mermaid, Nestle, Paion, Rousselot, and Lyric; MCGvdP received in kind support from Nutricia Research for the PRECISe trial and speaker and travel fees from Nutricia Research. All other authors declare no competing interests."

"Funding None."

"We conducted this SRMA according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines []. The PRISMA 2020 checklist is shown in Additional file : supplementary methods. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023441059)."