ROS/mtROS promotes TNTs formation via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to protect against mitochondrial damages in glial cells induced by engineered nanomaterials.

"Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participateAll animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Fujian Medical University. Consent for publicationNot applicable. Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests."

"Funding This study was supported by the Joint Funds for the Innovation of Science and Technology, Fujian province (2019Y9020), the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant (81903352, 82311530107), the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2023J01627, 2019J05081), and the Open Fund of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology (2022-SJKF-001)."