A consideration of CYP2D6 genetic variations in the Ghanaian population as a potential 'culprit' for the tramadol 'abuse crisis'.

"raw data has been deposited in geo submission with accession number gse232865."

"Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participateAll experimental protocols involving human data was in accordance with relevant national and international guidelines and regulations. This study received ethical approval from the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital Ethical Review Committee (CCTHERC/EC/2020/2020/109) under the PHARMABIOME project. All participants provided both written and verbal consent to be part of this study. All participants provided both written and oral informed consent before samples were taken. Consent for publicationNot Applicable. Competing interestsAuthors declare no conflict of interest. Author informationN/A. Competing interests Authors declare no conflict of interest."

"Funding Dr Nicholas Ekow Thomford and the Pharmacogenomics and Genomic Medicine Group and Lab (http://pgmg-lab.com) received funding from the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), Netherlands- fund number: TMA2019CDF-2670."