Antegrade flexible ureteroscopy-assisted percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi: a prospective randomized controlled study.

"Declarations Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethical approvalAll the procedures in this study were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (IEC: 43/2020). The study has been registered at www.chictr.org.cn (registration number: ChiCTR2300073822) and performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest."

"Funding This work was supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number: 82070725) and Tianjin Health Industry High Level Talent Selection and Training Project (Grant number: TJSQNYXXR-D2-123)."

"To test the efficacy of sPNL and aPNL procedures, a single-center prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University. This trial has been registered at www.chictr.org.cn as ChiCTR2300073822. All surgery procedures were performed by an experienced surgeon with over 500 retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) and PNL cases. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (IEC: 43/2020), and informed consent was obtained from each patient upon admission. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Declarations: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.: Ethical approvalAll the procedures in this study were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (IEC: 43/2020). The study has been registered at www.chictr.org.cn (registration number: ChiCTR2300073822) and performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Ethical approval: All the procedures in this study were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (IEC: 43/2020). The study has been registered at www.chictr.org.cn (registration number: ChiCTR2300073822) and performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments."