Decentralised, collaborative, and privacy-preserving machine learning for multi-hospital data.

"chest radiology: we use the chest x-ray datasets from national institute of health (nih) ( https://www nih gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-center-provides-one-largest-publicly-available-chest-x-ray-datasets-scientific-community ) padchest (pc) ( https://bimcv cipf es/bimcv-projects/padchest/ ) chexpert (chex) ( https://stanfordmlgroup github io/competitions/chexpert/ ) and mimic-cxr ( https://physionet org/content/mimic-cxr-jpg/2 0 0/ )."

"code availability: the code is available at https://github com/cleverhans-lab/decaph .; chest radiology: we use the chest x-ray datasets from national institute of health (nih) ( https://www nih gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-center-provides-one-largest-publicly-available-chest-x-ray-datasets-scientific-community ) padchest (pc) ( https://bimcv cipf es/bimcv-projects/padchest/ ) chexpert (chex) ( https://stanfordmlgroup github io/competitions/chexpert/ ) and mimic-cxr ( https://physionet org/content/mimic-cxr-jpg/2 0 0/ )."

"Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT in order to improve grammar and wording. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication. Declaration of interests The authors declare no conflict of interest."

"This work is funded by the 10.13039/501100000038Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, RGPIN-2020-06189 and DGECR-2020-00294), 10.13039/100007631Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) AI Catalyst Grants, CIFAR AI Chair programs, Temerty Professor of AI Research and Education in Medicine, 10.13039/501100003579University of Toronto, 10.13039/100022984Amazon, 10.13039/100017567Apple, 10.13039/100000185DARPA through the GARD project, Intel, 10.13039/100019827Meta, the Ontario Early Researcher Award, and the 10.13039/100000879Sloan Foundation. Resources used in preparing this research were provided, in part, by the Province of Ontario, the 10.13039/501100000023Government of Canada through CIFAR, and companies sponsoring the 10.13039/501100019117Vector Institute."