Physical punishment and effective verbal communication in children aged 9-36 months, according to sex: secondary analysis of a national survey.

"Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participateThe study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas with document number FCS-SCEI/ 510–07-22.As this study involved secondary analysis of the 2018–2019 ENDES dataset, access to personal identifiers was not available. Participation in the survey was voluntary, thus ensuring privacy and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Consent for publicationNot applicable. Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests."

"Funding This work was funded by the Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas / UPC- B-009–2021-2."