Adolescent to young adult longitudinal development of subcortical volumes in two European sites with four waves.

"all code is openly available in open science framework at https://osf io/5tfh4/ . table 4 ; figure 2 ). all data data availability statement access to the imagen dataset is available with an accepted proposal from the imagen executive committee ( https://imagen-europe com/resources/imagen-project-proposal/ ). all code is openly available in open science framework"

"CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT Dr Banaschewski served in an advisory or consultancy role for ADHS digital, Infectopharm, Lundbeck, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, Roche, and Takeda. He received conference support or speaker's fee by Medice and Takeda. He received royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, Oxford University Press. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships. Dr Barker has received honoraria from General Electric Healthcare for teaching on scanner programming courses. Dr Poustka served in an advisory or consultancy role for Roche and Viforpharm and received speaker's fee by Shire. She received royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, and Schattauer. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships. The other authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest."

"This work received support from the following sources: the European Union‐funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement‐related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM‐CT‐2007‐037286), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant “STRATIFY” (Brain network based stratification of reinforcement‐related disorders) (695313), Human Brain Project (HBP SGA 2, 785907, and HBP SGA 3, 945539), the Medical Research Council Grant “c‐VEDA” (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) (MR/N000390/1), the National Institute of Health (NIH) (R01DA049238, A decentralized macro and micro gene‐by‐environment interaction analysis of substance use behavior and its brain biomarkers), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152; 01EV0711; Forschungsnetz AERIAL 01EE1406A, 01EE1406B; Forschungsnetz IMAC‐Mind 01GL1745B), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG project numbers 186318919 (FOR 1617), 178833530 (SFB 940), 402170461 (TRR 265), 290210763 (VE 892/2‐1), NE 1383/14‐1); Faculty of Medicine at the Technische Universität Dresden, MeDDrive Grant; the Medical Research Foundation and Medical Research Council (grants MR/R00465X/1 and MR/S020306/1), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded ENIGMA (grants 5U54EB020403‐05 and 1R56AG058854‐01). Further support was provided by grants from: the ANR (ANR‐12‐SAMA‐0004, AAPG2019—GeBra), the Eranet Neuron (AF12‐NEUR0008‐01—WM2NA; and ANR‐18‐NEUR00002‐01—ADORe), the Fondation de France (00081242, 2012‐00033703), the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM; DPA20140629802; DPP20151033945), the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte‐contre‐les‐Drogues‐et‐les‐Conduites‐Addictives (MILDECA), the Assistance‐Publique‐Hôpitaux‐de‐Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012, the Fondation de l'Avenir (grant AP‐RM‐17‐013), the Fédération pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau (FRC Neurodon 2015); the National Institutes of Health, Science Foundation Ireland (16/ERCD/3797), U.S.A. (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; RO1 MH085772‐01A1), and by NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross‐NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence. Resources of The Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing (ZIH) at TU Dresden were used for fast data processing. We thank Jonas Granzow for help with data processing, quality control, and some figures and tables. We further wish to thank Annabell Baake, Leonie Epple, Carolin Fritzsche, and Isabell Theilig for assistance with data management and quality control. Lastly, we thank all participants and their families for their enduring commitment to the study over the years. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL."