Effects of neighborhood built environment on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review.

"table 3 measures of built environment and cognitive function in the studies included in the review study id first author (year) spatial unit of analysis types of measures to assess the built environment detailed measure of built environment types of measures to assess the cognitive function detailed measure of cognitive function 1 clarke2012 [ ] ab = census tracts objective measure:census block group park arearecreational centers institutional resources neighborhood disorders objective measure: modified version of telephone instrument for cognitive status cognitive function 2 wellenius2012 [ ] na objective measure: arcgis software residential distance to major roadways objective measure: mmsehvlt-rrecogntion clock-in-the boxtmt cognitive function immediate recall delayed recall recognitionlanguageworking memory attention and psychomotor speed set-shifting 3 clarke2015 [ ] ab = census block group objective measure:census block group presence of community centers access to public transit presence of cross walks presence of discontinuous sidewalk quality of public spaces objective measure: east boston memory testthe symbol digit modalities test mmse immediate and delayed recall perceptual speed general cognitive orientation and function 4 watts2015 [ ] spb = 0 5-mile buffer around participant's home address objective measure:arcgis software street connectivity street integration objective measure: mmse wechsler memory scale free and cued selective reminding task wais letternumber sequencing dsc stroop color word test cognitive function attentionverbal memory 5 wu 2015 [ ] ab = uk postcode objective measure: uk government neighbourhood statistics land use mix natural environment availability objective measure: mmse 1 cognitive impairment: mmse < = 25; 2 dementia 6 chen 2017 [ ] ab = 6-character postal-code addresses objective measure residential proximity to roads objective measure by diagnosis incidence of dementia 7 wu 2017 [ ] ab = uk postcode objective measure: uk government neighbourhood statistics land use mix natural environment objective measure: mmse 1 cognitive impairment: mmse < = 25; 2 dementia 8 besser 2018 [ ] spb = 1/4 -mile 1/2 -mile and 1-mile buffer of residence objective measure social destination density walking destination density intersection density proportion land residential proportion land retail objective measure: casi dsfdsbdsc global cognition attentionshort term and working memory processing speed 9 brown2018 [ ] ab = census block group objective measure:advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer satellite imagery ndvi objective measure by diagnosis dementia risk 10 cherrie 2018 [ ] spb = 1500m buffer around participants'home locations objective measure:arcmap 10 1 gis software the percentage of parks within a 1500 m buffer zone surrounding residence objective measure: mht no 12 cognitive aging in later life 11 de keijzer 2018 [ ] spb = 500m buffer postcode centroids objective measure:the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer onboard the terra satellite ndvi objective measure reasoningshort-term memory verbal fluency 12 lee 2018 [ ] spb = one block within home location objective measure neighborhood physical disorder index street disrepair index objective measure: moca-sa cognitive function 13 ng 2018 [ ] spb = 500m buffer around the centroid of a neighborhood 1 subjective measure: neighborhood environment walkability scale; 2 objective measures: neighborhood environment for active transport arcgis software 1 subjective measure:residential densitystreet connectivityland use mix-diversityland use mix-accessinfrastructure for walking or cyclingaestheticstraffic safetycrime safety; 2 objective measures:residential densitystreet connectivityland use mixwalkability indexaccessibility objective measure: rbans global cognition immediate and delayed memory language attention and visuospatial/construction 14 besser2019 [ ] spb = 1/2 -mile radial area surrounding participant's home objective measure social destination density walking destination density intersection density proportion of land dedicated to retail objective measure: casidsfdsbdsc global cognition working memory processing speed 15 cherrie 2019 [ ] spb = 1500m and 500m buffer around participants'home and school; 300m and 100m buffer around the route from home to school objective measure:arcgis software the area of public parks road traffic accident density objective measure: mht no 12 cognitive performance 16 guo 2019 [ ] ab = two levels of census tracts in hong kong objective measure: the geo community database 2009 and the geo reference database 2009 neighborhood recreational environment neighborhood walkability neighborhood library accessibility objective measure: mmse 1 global cognitive function; 2 dementia: mmse < 24 17 koohsari 2019 [ ] spb = 800m buffer area around participant's home objective measure:arcgis software street layout objective measure: mmse cognitive function 18 liu 2019 [ ] na objective measure:arcgis software parksgreeneriessquare area playgrounds and sport venues community centers objective measure by diagnosis diagnosed ad 19 luo 2019 [ ] ab = lowest administrative division in china subjective measure basic infrastructure outdoor spaces and buildings transportationavailability of healthcare services objective measure: telephone interview of cognitive status battery cognitive function at baseline cognitive decline over time 20 tani 2019 [ ] spb = 500m and 1000m buffer around participant's residence 1 objective measure: gis software 2 subjective measure: participant-reported availability of food stores objective measure by diagnosis dementia incidence 21 zaheed 2019 [ ] spb = 20-min walk (about 1-mile) from participant's home subjective measure neighborhood physical disorder index objective measure: immediate and delayed word recall task animal fluency task episodic memory verbal fluency 22 zhu 2019 [ ] spb = 500m buffer area around participant's home objective measure: national aeronautics and space administration's terra satellite ndvi objective measure: mmse cognitive function 23 astell-burt 2020 [ ] spb = 1 6-km road network distance buffers of residence location objective measure total green space tree canopy open grass objective measure by diagnosis dementia incidence 24 besser 2020 [ ] spb = 1-mile radial area surrounding participant's home objective measure: gis software percentage park space in participant's neighborhood objective measure: casi short-term memory long-term memory attention concentration orientation language verbal fluency visual construction abstraction/judgment 25 cassarino 2020 [ ] spb = area around the house that could be covered by walking for 15 min subjective measure neighborhood pleasantness neighborhood streetscape subjective measure: the 25-item cognitive failure questionnaire cognitive vulnerability: cognitive failure sensory sensitivity 26 crous-bou 2020 [ ] spb = 300m buffer around participant's home objective measure: map of land covers of catalonia2013 ndvi objective measure: wais-ivpreclinical alzheimer cognitive composite episodic memory executive function 27 estrella 2020 [ ] sjb = self-perceived areas around where they live subjective measure: self-reported perceived neighborhood environment neighborhood disorders objective measure: brief spanish-english verbal learning testword fluency test of the multilingual aphasia examinationwais-reviseddigit symbol substitution subtest global cognition verbal learning memory verbal fluency processing speed 28 finlay2020 [ ] ab = census tracts objective measure: the national establishment time-series database kernel density of retail fast food restaurants objective measure: wllwld aftlftmoca cognitive function 29 katayama 2020 [ ] spb = within 5-min to 30-min walk from home objective measure the walk score was based on distance to 13 categories of amenities objective measure: mmse cognitive function 30 liu 2020 [ ] na objective measure:arcgis software 1 parks greeneries and square area; 2 playgrounds and sport venues; 3 community centers objective measure by diagnosis diagnosed ad 31 paul 2020 [ ] spb = 250m buffer around participant's home objective measure: landsat 5 satellite imagery ndvi objective measure by diagnosis incidence of dementia 32 sharifian 2020 [ ] spb = 20-min walk (about 1-mile) from participant's home subjective measure neighborhood physical disorder index street disrepair index objective measure episodic memory at baseline verbal fluency at baseline episodic memory change over time verbal fluency change over time 33 wu 2020 [ ] spb = within 400m and 800m of participant's residence objective measure: google maps and open street map lifestyle (cafes libraries movie theatres parks) daily life (post offices convenience stores) healthcare (hospitals pharmacies) percentages of local green and blue spaces objective measure by diagnosis odds of dementia 34 yuchi2020 [ ] ab = postcode objective measure: the canmap road network landsat enhanced thematic mapper plus proximity to roads ndvi objective measure by diagnosis incidence of non-alzheimer's dementia incidence of alzheimer's disease 35 zhu 2020 [ ] spb = 500m buffer area around participant's home objective measure: national aeronautics and space administration's terra satellite ndvi objective measure: mmse cognitive impairment: mmse < 24 36 aitken2021 [ ] na objective measure:advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer satellite imagery ndvi objective measure by diagnosis diagnosed ad 37 bagheri 2021 [ ] na objective measure public open spaces walkability index length of major roads intersection density objective measure by diagnosis diagnosed dementia 38 besser2021 [ ] spb = 1/2 -mile and 1-mile buffer of residence objective measure neighborhood park space (park access)distance to nearest park objective measure: casidsc global cognitionprocessing speed 39 besser2021a [ ] spb = 1/2 -mile and 1-mile buffer of resid"

"Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participateNot applicable. Consent for publicationNot applicable. Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests."

"Funding This study was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (20BTY004), Beijing Social Science Foundation of China (21YTA009) and the Tsinghua University “Shuang Gao” Scientific Research Program (2021TSG08208), the Tsinghua Graduated Education Reform Project (202303J039)."