The effect of bovine dairy products and their components on the incidence and natural history of infection: a systematic literature review.

"Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participateNot applicable. Consent for publicationNot applicable. Competing interestsMM, MS, NH, and LB are employees of EpidStrategies, A Division of ToxStrategies, LLC. SSC was an employee of EpidStrategies at the time this work was conducted. EpidStrategies received past and on-going research funding from the National Dairy Council to conduct studies related to dairy consumption. SSC has received fees for professional services from the National Dairy Council. Competing interests MM, MS, NH, and LB are employees of EpidStrategies, A Division of ToxStrategies, LLC. SSC was an employee of EpidStrategies at the time this work was conducted. EpidStrategies received past and on-going research funding from the National Dairy Council to conduct studies related to dairy consumption. SSC has received fees for professional services from the National Dairy Council."

"Funding This study was funded by the National Dairy Council."

"The study protocol was registered on Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42022333780) (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO) prior to the start of this SLR. In the design, execution, and reporting of the current SLR, we followed all Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines; the PRISMA checklist is provided as Additional file []. The overall SLR was conducted to 1) identify the available evidence on dairy products/components and immune-related outcomes and 2) assess the breadth of the available evidence on the identified outcomes. As the studies resulting from the overall literature review were incredibly heterogeneous in scope, we narrowed the focus of the current manuscript to outcomes related to infectious diseases. Herein, we summarize the evidence related to nutritional interventions with dairy products/components and 1) the incidence of infectious diseases, 2) the natural history of infectious diseases and 3) the impact on leukocyte and cytokine response. Other outcomes related to immune function will be presented in future publications. Prospero registration: CRD42022333780."