Carbohydrate ingestion does not suppress increases in fatty acid-binding protein 4 concentrations post-acute aerobic exercise in healthy men: a randomized crossover study.

"Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participateThe study conformed to the principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the ethics committee of the National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya (Approval number: 4 − 1). The purpose, design, and risks of this study were explained to all the participants, and each participant provided written informed consent. Consent for publicationNot applicable. Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests."

"Funding This study was supported by the Japan Society Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) Grant Number 22K11552."

"This study was a randomized crossover trial that adhered to CONSORT guidelines []. The study adhered to the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, and the research protocol received approval from the institutional ethics committee of the National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya (approval number 22-1-5). The study was pre-registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network Center (UMIN), a clinical trial registration system (ID: UMIN000048052). Enrollment began in April 2022 and ended in June 2022 through campus advertisements. The experiments, including preliminary testing and the main two trials, were conducted between July 2022 and September 2022. After providing a detailed explanation of the study’s purpose, design, protocol, and potential risks, each provided written informed consent from 13 young healthy men. Exclusion criteria included: (1) women (biological sex), (2) age < 18 or > 40 years, 2) regular exercise training habits, (3) consumption of medication known to affect lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and (4) current smoking. Given the potential influence of hormonal fluctuations and changes in body composition due to the menstrual cycle in women, this study exclusively included men to minimize potential confounding factors in the results. The participant flow diagram is depicted in Fig. . The lead investigator enrolled the participants in the research and randomly assigned them to each experiment (carbohydrate ingestion + aerobic exercise (a carbohydrateingestion exercise (CE) trial) or fast + aerobic exercise (a fasted exercise (FE) trial)) using computer-generated random numbers (Microsoft Excel, Microsoft, USA)."