Twenty-Four-Hour Urinary Sugars Biomarker in a Vending Machine Intake Paradigm in a Diverse Population.

"Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest."

"This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases."

"Sixty-four healthy adults were recruited at the NIDDK Clinical Research Unit in Phoenix, Arizona. Participants stayed in an inpatient facility during the ten-day duration of the primary study []. During participants’ inpatient stay (Flow Chart in ), researchers collected pertinent data such as ad libitum dietary intake, 24 h urine, and body composition data through dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, DPX-1, Lunar Radiation Corp., Madison, WI, USA). Study staff also measured routine chemistry, such as serum creatinine, in the hospital laboratory (Dade Behring Dimension RxL Chemistry analyzer, Siemens Medical Solutions, Malvern, PA, USA). Collection methods for ad libitum dietary intake have been described below. Participants also spent approximately 24 h in a whole room calorimeter that collected energy expenditure and spontaneous physical activity (SPA), both of which have been previously discussed []. For the purposes of this study, we used data collected over the last three days of participants’ inpatient stay, including ad libitum dietary intake and 24 h urine samples, discussed in further detail below. The study received approval from the NIH Institutional Review Board (IRB), and all participants provided informed consent (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00342732)."