Milk or Kefir, in Comparison to Water, Do Not Enhance Running Time-Trial Performance in Endurance Master Athletes.

"using commercially available elisa kits (accession numbers p12104 and p05231) the serum samples were analyzed in duplicate following manufacturer instructions (raybiotech peachtree ga usa)."

"Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest."

"This research received no external funding."

"Approval for this human research study was obtained from Lindenwood University Institutional Review Board (IRB-23-71; approval date 23 January 2023) with all ethical considerations aligning with the Declaration of Helsinki. This trial was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (accessed on 16 November 2023) with the identifier NCT06165523. Participants were invited to the laboratory to complete screening and their first familiarization visit, during which the study protocol and design were explained, and informed consent was obtained. After obtaining consent, anthropometrics and body composition measurements were completed for exclusionary and descriptive purposes. Following a standardized warm-up, eligible participants had their VO2Peak assessed. Then, after observing a brief (15–20 min) break during which food logs and additional protocols were explained, participants practiced a one-mile time trial to foster acclimation to the non-motorized treadmill. Visit 2, scheduled at least two days after visit 1, was another one-mile time trial familiarization of the non-motorized treadmill, as well as of the GSRS survey."