Structural variation and introgression from wild populations in East Asian cattle genomes confer adaptation to local environment.

"availability of data and materials the genome assemblies generated in this study are available in the ncbi under bioproject ids of prjna810280 [ 86 ] and prjna810300 [ 87 ]. the source code of data analysis are publicly available under the gnu general public license v 3 0 at github [ 89 ] and zenodo [ 90 ]. the source code of data analysis are publicly available under the gnu general public license v 3 0 at github [ 89 ] and zenodo [ 90 ]. availability of data and materials the genome assemblies generated in this study are available in the ncbi under bioproject ids of prjna810280"

"the source code of data analysis are publicly available under the gnu general public license v 3 0 at github [ 89 ] and zenodo [ 90 ]."

"Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participateThis study was approved by the Animal Ethical and Welfare Committee, Northwest A&F University (Approval No. DK2022065). Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests."

"Funding The project was supported by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System-the National Beef Cattle and Yak Industrial Technology System (CARS-37), the Yunnan Academician Workstations (202305AF150156), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32372854) to C.L.; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (SQ2021YFF1000041), the fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021T140564 and 2020M683587), the Shaanxi Youth Science and Technology New Star (2022KJXX-77), the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (2021JQ-137), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32102523), the High-end Foreign Experts Recruitment Plan (G2022172032L), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities to N.C.; the Inner Mongolia Science & Technology Plan (No. 2021ZZ0204) to B.T.; the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32072720) to Y.M.; and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872979) and the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province (2022ZDLNY01-04) to W.P. The Chinese government’s contribution to the CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources in Beijing (2023-YWF-ZX-02) is appreciated."