Dual mutations in the whitefly nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β1 subunit confer target-site resistance to multiple neonicotinoid insecticides.

"6 from the analysis of sequences in s1 dataset and was further confirmed by sequencing the gdna sequences from individuals of strains in s2 dataset .; in this case one amino acid in an n-glycosylation consensus site of loop e region was altered from n (aac) to d (gac) ( fig 1d and s2 dataset ) 10 1371/journal pgen 1011163 g001 fig 1 ( a ) molecular phylogenetic analysis of nachrs in b tabaci and other insects.; 2 genes ( s1 dataset ).; 1 respectively ( fig 2c and s1 dataset ).; screening of 60 individuals of each strain at the mutation sites confirmed these findings and revealed that the two mutations are present at a frequency of 83 82% in the r #1 strain ( fig 2d and s3 dataset ).; to facilitate further investigation of the role of these candidate mutations in resistance a b tabaci strain (r #2 ) was created that was homozygous for the two mutations by crossing pairs of newly emerged male and female individuals from r #1 ( s3 dataset ).; heterozygous individuals in r #1 strain were found to be unreadable of their sequencing results that can be caused by intron sequence differences between their mutant and wild type alleles ( s3 dataset ).; these sites are boxed and labled with asterisks above the alignment (docx) s1 table (docx) s2 table (docx) s3 table (docx) s4 table (docx) s1 dataset (docx) s2 dataset (docx) s3 dataset (docx) we thank wei-feng chen for providing the plants to rear whitefly strains."

"The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists."

"This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32122073) to XY, National Natural Science Foundation of China (32221004) to YZ, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-24-C-02) to YZ, the Hainan Major Science and Technology Project (ZDKJ2021007) to WX, The Beijing Key Laboratory for Pest Control and Sustainable Cultivation of Vegetables and the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS) to YZ. CB received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement n°646625). AOR was supported by the Medical Research Council (MRC) [grant number MR/W002159/1]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript."